Complex Number : Part (2)

Properties of Conjugate of Complex Number

Complex number $z=a+bi$ ၏ conjugate แ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š်แ€™ှာ imaginary part แ€€ို แ€œแ€€္แ€แ€ာ แ€†แ€”့်แ€€ျแ€„်แ€˜แ€€်แ€žို့ แ€•ြောแ€„်းแ€œိုแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်း แ€–ြแ€…်แ€•ြီး แ€žแ€„်္แ€€ေแ€แ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့် $\overline{z}$ แ€Ÿုแ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€€ြောแ€„်း Part 1 แ€ွแ€„် แ€แ€„်แ€•ြแ€ဲ့แ€•ြီး แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ိုแ€€ြောแ€„့်

conjugate of $z$ $=a+bi = \overline{z}=a-bi$

แ€Ÿုแ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။ $a$ แ€žแ€Š် $z$ ၏ real part แ€Ÿုแ€ေါ်แ€•ြီး แ€žแ€„်္แ€€ေแ€แ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့် Re($z$) แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း၊ $b$ แ€žแ€Š် $z$ ၏ imaginary part แ€Ÿုแ€ေါ်แ€•ြီး แ€žแ€„်္แ€€ေแ€แ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့် Im($z$) แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း၊ แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€€ြောแ€„်း Part 1 แ€ွแ€„် แ€แ€„်แ€•ြแ€ဲ့แ€•ြီး แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

แ€กแ€€แ€š်၍ $\text{Im}(z)=0$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€œျှแ€„် $z=a + 0i = a =\text{Re}(z)$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€•ြီး $\overline{z}=a-0i = a=\text{Re}(z)$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žွားแ€™แ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

The relation $z = \overline{z}$ holds if and only if $z\in \mathbb{R}$.

Conjugate ၏ definition แ€กแ€› $\overline{z}$ ၏ conjuagate $\overline{(\overline{z})}$ แ€™ှာ $\overline{z}$ ၏ imaginary part แ€€ို แ€œแ€€္แ€แ€ာแ€•ြောแ€„်းแ€•ေးแ€›แ€”် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့်
conjugate of $\overline{z}$ $=\overline{(\overline{z})}=a - (-b)i= a+bi = z$

แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žွားแ€™แ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

For every complex number $z$, the relation $z = \overline{(\overline{z})}$ holds.

แ€แ€–แ€”် $z=a+bi,\overline{z}=a-bi$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့်

$\begin{aligned} z\cdot \overline{z} =&(a+bi)(a-bi)\\ z\cdot \overline{z} =& a^2-b^2i^2\\ =& a^2-b^2(-1)\\ =& a^2+b^2 \end{aligned}$


แ€กแ€‘แ€€်แ€•ါ แ€›แ€œแ€’်แ€กแ€› $z\cdot \overline{z}$ แ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€”ုแ€်แ€™แ€Ÿုแ€်แ€žော แ€€ိแ€”်းแ€…แ€…်แ€แ€…်แ€ု แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်แ€Ÿု แ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

For every complex number $z$, the number $z\cdot \overline{z}\in \mathbb{R}$ is a nonnegative real number.
complex number แ€”ှแ€…်แ€ု $z_1=a+bi$ แ€”ှแ€„့် $z_2=c+di$ แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š် แ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€…ို့။ แ€‘ိုแ€กแ€ါ

$\begin{aligned} z_1+z_2 &=a+bi+c+di\\ &=(a+c)+(c+d)i\\ \overline{z_1+z_2} &= \overline{(a+c)+(c+d)i} \\ &= (a+c)-(c+d)i \\ \end{aligned}$


แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်။แ€แ€–แ€”်

$\begin{aligned} \overline{z_1}&=a-bi\\ \overline{z_2}&=c-di\\ \therefore\ \overline{z_1}+ \overline{z_2}&=a+c-bi-di\\ &= (a+c)-(c+d)i \\ \end{aligned}$


แ€›แ€œแ€’်แ€กแ€› $\overline{z_1+z_2}=\overline{z_1}+ \overline{z_2}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်แ€Ÿုแ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

$\overline{z_1+z_2}=\overline{z_1}+ \overline{z_2}$ (The conjugate of a sum is the sum of the conjugates.)

แ€†แ€€်แ€œแ€€်၍ conjugate แ€™ြှောแ€€်แ€œแ€’်แ€™ျားแ€กแ€€ြောแ€„်း แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€•ါแ€™แ€Š်။

$\begin{aligned} z_1\cdot z_2 &=(a+bi)\cdot(c+di)\\ &=ac + adi + bci + bdi^2\\ &=ac + adi + bci - bd\\ &=(ac -bd) + (ad+ bc)i \\ \therefore\ \overline{z_1\cdot z_2}&= \overline{(ac -bd) + (ad+ bc)i} \\ \overline{z_1\cdot z_2}&= (ac -bd) - (ad+ bc)i \\ \end{aligned}$


$\begin{aligned} \overline{z_1}&=a-bi\\ \overline{z_2}&=c-di\\ \therefore\ \overline{z_1}\cdot \overline{z_2} &=(a-bi)\cdot(c-di)\\ &=ac - adi - bci + bdi^2\\ &=ac - adi - bci - bd\\ &=(ac - bd)-(ad + bc)i \\ \end{aligned}$


แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€•ါแ€›แ€œแ€’်แ€กแ€› $\overline{z_1\cdot z_2}=\overline{z_1}\cdot \overline{z_2}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်แ€Ÿုแ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

$\overline{z_1\cdot z_2}=\overline{z_1}\cdot \overline{z_2}$ (The conjugate of a product is the product of the conjugates.)

แ€†แ€€်แ€œแ€€်၍ conjugate แ€…ားแ€œแ€’်แ€™ျားแ€กแ€€ြောแ€„်း แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€•ါแ€ฆးแ€™แ€Š်။

$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{z_1}{z_2}&=\dfrac{a+bi}{c+di}\\ &=\dfrac{a+bi}{c+di}\times \dfrac{c-di}{c-di}\\ &=\dfrac{(ac+bd) + (bc-ad)i}{c^2+d^2}\\ &=\dfrac{(ac+bd) + (bc-ad)i}{c^2+d^2}\\ &=\dfrac{ac +bd}{c^2+d^2} + \dfrac{bc-ad}{c^2+d^2}i\\ \therefore\ \overline{\left(\dfrac{z_1}{z_2}\right)}&=\dfrac{ac +bd}{c^2+d^2} - \dfrac{bc-ad}{c^2+d^2}i\\ \end{aligned}$


$\begin{aligned} \overline{z_1}&=a-bi\\ \overline{z_2}&=c-di\\ \therefore\ \dfrac{\overline{z_1}}{\overline{z_2}} &=\dfrac{a-bi}{c-di}\\ &=\dfrac{a-bi}{c-di}\times\dfrac{c+di}{c+di}\\ &=\dfrac{(ac+bd) - bci+adi}{c^2+d^2}\\ &=\dfrac{(ac+bd) - (bc-ad)i}{c^2+d^2}\\ &=\dfrac{ac +bd}{c^2+d^2} - \dfrac{bc-sad}{c^2+d^2}i\\ \end{aligned}$


แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€•ါแ€›แ€œแ€’်แ€กแ€› $\overline{\left(\dfrac{z_1}{z_2}\right)}=\dfrac{\overline{z_1}}{\overline{z_2}}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်แ€Ÿုแ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

$\overline{\left(\dfrac{z_1}{z_2}\right)}=\dfrac{\overline{z_1}}{\overline{z_2}}$ (The conjugate of a quotient is the quotient of the conjugates.)

แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€•ုံแ€žေแ€”แ€Š်းแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€žแ€€်แ€žေแ€•ြแ€ျแ€€်แ€€ို แ€…ာแ€–แ€်แ€žူแ€€ိုแ€š်แ€ိုแ€„် แ€žแ€€်แ€žေแ€•ြแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€•ါ။

The formulas
$\operatorname{Re}(z)=\dfrac{z+\bar{z}}{2} \text { and } \operatorname{Im}(z)=\dfrac{z-\bar{z}}{2 i} $

are valid for all $z \in \mathbb{C}.$

Power of $\mathbf{i}$

By definition,
$\begin{array}{l} \hline i^1 =i \\ i^2 =-1\\ i^3 =i^2\cdot i = -1\cdot i=-i\\ i^4 =i^3\cdot i = -i\cdot i=-i^2=-(-1)=1\\ \hline i^5 =i^4\cdot i = 1\cdot i=i\\ i^6 =i^5\cdot i = i\cdot i=i^2=-1\\ i^7 =i^6\cdot i = -1\cdot i=-i\\ i^8 =i^7\cdot i = -i\cdot i=-i^2=-(-1)=1\\ \hline \end{array}$
The cycle is repeated continuously: $i$, $−1$, $− i$, $1$, every four powers.

แ€กแ€‘แ€€်แ€•ါแ€–ွဲ့แ€…แ€Š်းแ€•ုံแ€€ို แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€ြแ€„်းแ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့် $i$ ၏ แ€‘แ€•်แ€Šွှแ€”်းแ€žแ€Š် $4$ ၏ แ€†แ€ိုးแ€€ိแ€”်းแ€–ြแ€…်แ€ိုแ€„်း $1$ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€Šီแ€€ြောแ€„်းแ€ွေ့แ€›แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် $i^4$ = $i^8$ = $i^{12}$ = ... = $i^{4n}$ = $1$ แ€Ÿု แ€•ုံแ€žေ แ€™ှแ€်แ€šူแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။


Example 1
Simplify each power of $i$.
(a) $i^{13}\quad$ (b) $i^{56}\quad$ (c) $i^{-3}$
Solution
$\begin{array}{ll} \text{(a)}\quad i^{13} &=i^{12+1}\\ &=i^{12}\cdot i\\ &= (i^{4})^3\cdot i\\ &= (1)^3\cdot i\\ &= i\\ \text{(b)}\quad i^{56} &= (i^{4})^{14}\\ &= 1^{14}\\ &= 1\\ \text{(c)}\quad i^{-3} &= i^{-4+1}\\ &= i^{-4}\cdot i\\ &= (i^{4})^{-1}\cdot i\\ &= (1)^{-1}\cdot i\\ &= 1\cdot i\\ &= i \end{array}$


Example 2
Simplify the complex number and write it in standard form.
(a) $-3i^{5} + 2i^2\quad$ (b) $(\sqrt{-32})^3\quad$ (c) $\dfrac{1}{5i^{3}}$
Solution
$\begin{array}{ll} \text{(a)}\quad -3 i^{5}+2 i^{2} &=-3 i^{4} \cdot i+2(-1) \\ &=-3(1) \cdot i-2 \\ &=-2-3 i \\ \text{(b)}\quad (\sqrt{-32})^3 &=(4 \sqrt{2} \sqrt{-1})^{3} \\ &=(4 \sqrt{2} i)^{3} \\ &=64(2 \sqrt{2}) i^{3}\\ &=128 \sqrt{2} i^{2} \cdot i \\ &=128 \sqrt{2}(-1) i \\ &=-128 \sqrt{2} i \\ \text{(c)}\quad \dfrac{1}{5 i^{3}} &=\dfrac{1}{5} i-3 \\ &=\dfrac{1}{5} i^{-4} \cdot i \\ &=\dfrac{1}{5}\left(i^{4}\right)^{-1} i \\ &=\dfrac{1}{5}(1)^{-1} i \\ &=\dfrac{1}{5} i \end{array}$


Complex Solutions of a Quadratic Equation

Quadratic Equation แ€แ€…်แ€ု၏ standard equation form แ€™ှာ
  • $ax^2+bx+c=0$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြောแ€„်းแ€žိแ€›ှိแ€ဲ့แ€•ြီး แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြောแ€„်း
  • Quadratic Equation แ€€ိုแ€•ြေแ€œแ€Š်แ€…ေแ€žော solution แ€€ို quadratic formula $ \dfrac{{-b\pm \sqrt{{{{b}^{2}}-4ac}}}}{{2a}}$ แ€–ြแ€„့်แ€›ှာแ€šူแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€€ြောแ€„်း
  • $b^2-4ac$ แ€€ို quadratic function แ€แ€…်แ€ု၏ discriminant แ€Ÿု แ€ေါ်แ€€ြောแ€„်း
  • discriminant < 0 แ€–ြแ€…်แ€•ါแ€€ แ€•ေးแ€‘ားแ€žော quadratic equation แ€€ို แ€•ြေแ€œแ€Š်แ€…ေแ€žော แ€€ိแ€”်းแ€…แ€…် แ€กแ€–ြေแ€™แ€›ှိแ€€ြောแ€„်း
แ€žိแ€›ှိแ€ဲ့แ€•ြီး แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

แ€žို့แ€žော် discriminant < 0 แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žော quadratic equation แ€™ျားแ€กแ€ွแ€€် complex solution แ€€ို แ€›ှာแ€šူแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€™ျားแ€€ို แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€•ါ။

Example 3
Verify that the equation $x^2+5x+7=0$ has no real solution, hence find the complex solutions.
Solution
$x^2+5x+7=0$
Comparing with $ax^2+bx+c=0$, we have $a=1$, $b=5$ and $c=7$.
$\therefore\quad b^2-4ac=5^2-4(1)(7)=-3 < 0$
Since the discriminant < 0, there is no real solution for the given equation.
$\begin{aligned} x &= \dfrac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}\\ &= \dfrac{-5\pm \sqrt{-3}}{2}\\ &= \dfrac{-5}{2}\pm \dfrac{\sqrt{-3}}{2}\\ &= \dfrac{-5}{2}\pm \dfrac{\sqrt{3}\sqrt{-1}}{2}\\ &= \dfrac{-5}{2}\pm \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}i \end{aligned}$


Argand diagram (Complex Plane)

Complex Number แ€™ျားแ€€ို complex plane แ€ွแ€„် แ€”ေแ€›แ€ျแ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€€ြောแ€„်း Part (1) แ€ွแ€„် แ€แ€„်แ€•ြแ€ဲ့แ€•ြီး แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€กแ€†ိုแ€•ါ complex plane แ€€ို Argand plane (แ€žို့แ€™แ€Ÿုแ€်) Gauss Plane แ€Ÿုแ€œแ€Š်း แ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။ $z=a+bi$ ၏ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $P(a,b)$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့်

  • $z_1=4+3i$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(4,3)$
  • $z_2=3-2i$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(3,-2)$
  • $z_3=-1-5i$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(-1,-5)$
  • $z_4=-4+3i$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(-4,3)$
  • $z_5=3i$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(0,3)$
  • $z_6=-2i$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(0,-2)$
  • $z_7=-5$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(-5,0)$
  • $z_8=3$ แ€แ€Š်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် Argand plane แ€ွแ€„် $(3,0)$
แ€กแ€žီးแ€žီး แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြแ€žแ€Š်။


แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် complex number แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€€ို argand diagram (complex plane) แ€•ေါ်แ€›ှိ coordinate แ€–ြแ€„့်แ€œแ€Š်း แ€–ေါ်แ€•ြแ€œေ့แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာ

$\begin{array}{lll} z_1=4+3i & \text{or} & z_1=(4,3)\\ z_2=3-2i & \text{or} & z_2=(3,-2)\\ z_3=-1-5i & \text{or} & z_3=(-1,-5)\\ z_4=-4+3i & \text{or} & z_4=(-4,3)\\ z_5=3i & \text{or} & z_5=(0,3)\\ z_6=-2i & \text{or} & z_6=(0,-2)\\ z_7=-5 & \text{or} & z_7=(-5,0)\\ z_8=3 & \text{or} & z_8=(3,0)\\ \end{array}$

แ€Ÿုแ€–ေါ်แ€•ြแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။


Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number

Complex number $z =x+yi$ แ€€ို Complex plane แ€ွแ€„် plot แ€œုแ€•်แ€žแ€Š့်แ€กแ€ါ แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€ိုแ€„်း แ€›แ€žแ€Š် แ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€…ို့။

แ€‘ိုแ€กแ€ါ origin แ€™ှ แ€•ေးแ€‘ားแ€žော แ€กแ€™ှแ€်แ€€ိုแ€†แ€€်แ€žော แ€™ျแ€‰်းแ€•ြแ€်၏ แ€กแ€œျားแ€€ို $|z|$ แ€Ÿုแ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။ Pythagoras theorem แ€กแ€› $|z|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$ แ€Ÿု แ€กแ€œွแ€š်แ€แ€€ူแ€žိแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€กแ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€™ျแ€‰်းแ€•ြแ€်แ€”ှแ€„့် positive x-axis แ€€ြားแ€›ှိแ€‘ောแ€„့် ($\theta$) แ€€ို argument of $z$ แ€Ÿုแ€ေါ်แ€•ြီး แ€žแ€„်္แ€€ေแ€แ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့် $\operatorname{arg}(z)$แ€Ÿုแ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။

$\begin{array}{l} \text{By Pythagoras' Theorem}\\ |z|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\\ \text{Since}\ \tan{\theta}=\dfrac{y}{x},\\ \theta=\tan^{-1}\dfrac{y}{x}\\ \operatorname{arg}(z)=\tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{y}{x}\right) \end{array}$

$\operatorname{arg}(z)=\theta$ แ€€ို แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€›ာแ€ွแ€„် $-180^{\circ} < \theta \le 180^{\circ}$ (radian แ€–ြแ€„့်แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€žော် $-\pi < \theta \le \pi$) interval แ€–ြแ€„့် แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€žแ€Š်။ ၎แ€„်းแ€€ို principal argument แ€Ÿုแ€œแ€Š်းแ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€†ိုแ€œိုแ€žแ€Š်แ€™ှာ แ€•ေးแ€‘ားแ€žော complex number แ€žแ€Š် argand plane ၏ first แ€”ှแ€„့် second quadrant แ€ွแ€„်แ€›ှိแ€•ါแ€€ $0<\operatorname{arg}(z)<180^{\circ}$ (positive angle) แ€–ြแ€…်แ€•ြီး แ€•ေးแ€‘ားแ€žော complex number แ€žแ€Š် argand plane ၏ third แ€”ှแ€„့် fourth quadrant แ€ွแ€„်แ€›ှိแ€•ါแ€€ $-180^{\circ}<\operatorname{arg}(z)< 0$ (negative angle) แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်။

$\begin{array}{cccc} \hline z & |z| & \text{location} & \text{argument}\\ \hline a+bi\\(a,b>0) &\sqrt{a^2+b^2} & 1^{\text{st}}\text{quadrant} & \operatorname{arg}(z)=\tan^{-1}\left|\dfrac{b}{a}\right|\\ \hline a+bi\\(a<0,b>0) &\sqrt{a^2+b^2} & 2^{\text{nd}} \text{quadrant} & \operatorname{arg}(z)=\left(180^{\circ}-\tan^{-1}\left|\dfrac{b}{a}\right|\right)\\ \hline a+bi \\(a,b<0) &\sqrt{a^2+b^2} & 3^{\text{rd}} \text{quadrant} & \operatorname{arg}(z)=-\left(180^{\circ}-\tan^{-1}\left|\dfrac{b}{a}\right|\right)\\ \hline a+bi\\(a>0,b<0) & \sqrt{a^2+b^2}& 4^{\text{th}} \text{quadrant} &\operatorname{arg}(z)=-\tan^{-1}\left|\dfrac{b}{a}\right|\\ \hline a \\(a>0) & |a| & \text{on positive}\ x\text{-axis} & 0^{\circ}\\ \hline a \\(a<0) & |a| & \text{on negative}\ x\text{-axis} & 180^{\circ}\\ \hline bi\\(b>0) & |b| & \text{on positive}\ y\text{-axis} & 90^{\circ}\\ \hline bi \\(b<0)& |b| &\text{on negative}\ y\text{-axis} & -90^{\circ}\\ \hline \end{array}$


Example 4
Plot the following complex number in complex plane and hence find the modulus and argument of each number.
(a) $u=3+4i$
(b) $v=-1+i$
(c) $w=-2-3i$
(d) $z=3-5i$
Solution

(a) $\quad u=3+4i$
$\quad\quad |u|=\sqrt{3^2+4^2}=5$
$\quad\quad \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{4}{3}\right)=53.13^{\circ}$
$\therefore\quad \operatorname{arg}(u)=53.13^{\circ}$


(b) $\quad v=-1+i$
$\quad\quad |v|=\sqrt{(-1)^2+1^2}=\sqrt{2}$
$\quad\quad \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}\right)=45^{\circ}$
$\therefore\quad \operatorname{arg}(v)=(180^{\circ}-45^{\circ})=135^{\circ}$


(c) $\quad w=-2-3i$
$\quad\quad |w|=\sqrt{(-2)^2+(-3)^2}=\sqrt{13}$
$\quad\quad \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{3}{2}\right)=56.31^{\circ}$
$\therefore\quad \operatorname{arg}(w)=-(180^{\circ}-56.31^{\circ})=-123.69^{\circ}$


(d) $\quad z=3-5i$
$\quad\quad |z|=\sqrt{(3)^2+(-5)^2}=\sqrt{34}$
$\quad\quad \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{5}{3}\right)=59.04^{\circ}$
$\therefore\quad \operatorname{arg}(z)=-59.04^{\circ}$



$z=x+yi$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်แ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€…ို့။ แ€‘ိုแ€กแ€ါ $\overline{z}=x-yi$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့်

$z\cdot\overline{z} = x^2+y^2 = |z|^2$


แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š်แ€žแ€Š့် complex number แ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™แ€†ို แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€กแ€†ို แ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€™ြဲแ€™ှแ€”်แ€€แ€”်แ€žแ€Š်။

For every $z\in \mathbb{C}, z\cdot\overline{z} =|z|^2$.

Example 5
If $\operatorname{Im}\left(\dfrac{z+i}{z-i}\right)=0$, where $z \neq i$, show that $\operatorname{Re}(z)=0$.
Solution
$\begin{aligned} \text { Let } w &=\dfrac{z+i}{z-i} \\\\ \overline{w} &= \overline{\left(\dfrac{z+i}{z-i}\right)} \\\\ &=\dfrac{\overline{z+i}}{\overline{z-i}} \\\\ &=\dfrac{\overline{z}+\overline{i}}{\overline{z}-\overline{i}} \\\\ &=\dfrac{\overline{z}-i}{\overline{z}+i}\\\\ \therefore\ w-\overline{w} &=\dfrac{z+i}{z-i}-\dfrac{\overline{z}-i}{\overline{z}+i} \\\\ &=\dfrac{(z+i)(\overline{z}+i)-(z-i)(\overline{z}-i)}{(z-i)(\overline{z}+i)} \\\\ &=\dfrac{z \overline{z}+z i+\overline{z} i-1-z \overline{z}+z i+\overline{z}^{i}+1}{(z-i)(\overline{z}+i)} \\\\ &=\dfrac{2(z+\overline{z}) i}{(z-i)(\overline{z}+i)}\\\\ \dfrac{w-\overline{w}}{2 i}&=\dfrac{z+\overline{z}}{(z-i)(\overline{z}+i)} \\\\ \operatorname{Im}(w)&=\dfrac{z+\overline{z}}{(z-i)(\overline{z}+i)} \\\\ \text { By the}\ & \text{problem, } \\\\ \text { Im }(w)&=0 \\\\ \dfrac{z+\overline{z}}{(z-i)(\overline{z}+i)}&=0\\\\ \therefore \quad z+\overline{z}&=0 \\\\ \quad\quad \dfrac{z+\overline{z}}{2}&=0 \\\\ \therefore\quad \operatorname{Re}(z)&=0 \end{aligned}$


Example 6
Given that $z \in \mathbb{C}$ and $|z|=1$, show that $\operatorname{Re}\left(\dfrac{z-1}{z+1}\right)=0$.
Solution
$\begin{aligned} \text { Let } &\frac{z-1}{z+1}=w \\\\ \therefore \overline{w} &=\overline{\left(\frac{z-1}{z+1}\right)} \\\\ &=\frac{\overline{z-1}}{\overline{z+1}} \\\\ &=\frac{\overline{z}-1}{\overline{z}+1} \\\\ w+\overline{w}&=\frac{z-1}{z+1}+\frac{\overline{z}-1}{\overline{z}+1}\\\\ w+\overline{w} &=\dfrac{z \overline{z}+z-\overline{z}-1+z \overline{z}-z+\overline{z}-1}{(z+1)(\overline{z}+1)} \\\\ w+\overline{w} &=\dfrac{2(z \overline{z}-1)}{(z+1)(\overline{z}+1)} \\\\ \therefore \quad \dfrac{w+\overline{w}}{2} &=\dfrac{z \overline{z}-1}{(z+1)(\overline{z}+1)} \\\\ \operatorname{Re}(w) &=\dfrac{|z|^{2}-1}{(z+1)(\overline{z}+1)}\\\\ &=0 \quad(\because|z|=1) \\\\ \therefore \operatorname{Re}\left(\dfrac{z-1}{z+1}\right)&=0 . \end{aligned}$


Example 7
  1. Given that $z^{2}=15+8i$ and and $z=x+y$ i where $z \in \mathbb{C}$ and $x$ and $y$ are integers to be found. Hence find $\sqrt{15+8 i}.$
  2. Using information frorm $(1)$,
    solve the equation $w^{2}-(2+3 i) w-5+i=0$ for $w\in \mathbb{C}$.
Solution
$\begin{aligned} 1.\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad z & =x+y i \\\\ z^{2} & =15+8 i \\\\ (x+y i)^{2} & =15+8 i \\\\ x^{2}+2 x y i+y^{2} i^{2}&=15+8 i \\\\ \therefore \quad x^{2}-y^{2}& =15\quad \ldots(1) \\\\ \quad\quad 2 x y &=8 \quad \ldots(2)\\\\ \therefore x y=4 & \Rightarrow y=\dfrac{4}{x} \\\\ \therefore x^{2}-\left(\dfrac{16}{x^{2}}\right)&=15 \\\\ x^{4}-16&=15 x^{2} \\\\ x^{4}-15 x^{2}-16&=0 \\\\ \left(x^{2}-16\right)\left(x^{2}+1\right)&=0 \\\\ x^{2}=16\ \text { or }\ & x^{2}=-1 \\\\ \therefore x=\pm 4\ \text { or }\ & x=i \end{aligned}$
$\text { Since }\ x \text { is an integer, } x=\pm 4$
When $x=4, y=\dfrac{4}{4}=1$
When $x=-4, y=\dfrac{4}{-4}=-1$
$\quad z=4+i \text { (or) } z=-(4+i)$
$\begin{aligned} \therefore \quad \sqrt{15+8 i} &=\sqrt{z^{2}} \\\\ &=z \\\\ &=\pm(4+i) \end{aligned}$

$\begin{array}{l} \text { 2. } w^{2}-(2+3 i) w-5+i=0 \\\\ \text { Comparing with } a w^{2}+b w+c =0, \\\\ \quad a=1, b=-(2+3 i) \text { and } c=-5+i \\\\ \therefore\quad w =\dfrac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a} \\\\ \quad\quad\quad =\dfrac{2+3 i \pm \sqrt{(2+3 i)^{2}-4(-5+i)}}{2} \\\\ \quad\quad\quad =\dfrac{2+3 i \pm \sqrt{4+12 i-9+20-4 i}}{2}\\\\ \quad\quad\quad =\dfrac{2+3 i \pm \sqrt{15+8 i}}{2} \\\\ \quad\quad\quad =\dfrac{2+3 i \pm(4+i)}{2} \\\\ \therefore \quad w=\dfrac{2+3 i+4+i}{2}=3+2 i \\\\ \quad\quad\quad\quad(\text { or }) \\\\ \quad\quad w=\dfrac{2+3 i-4-i}{2}=-1+i \end{array}$


Example 8

The opposition to current in an electrical circuit is called its impedance. The impedance $z$ in a parallel circuit with two pathways satisfies the equation

$\dfrac{1}{z}=\dfrac{1}{z_{1}}+\dfrac{1}{z_{2}}$

where $z_1$ is the impedance (in ohms) of pathway 1 and $z_2$ is the impedance (in ohms) of pathway 2.
  1. The impedance of each pathway in a parallel circuit is found by adding the impedances of all components in the pathway. Use the table to find $z_1$ and $z_2$.
  2. Find the impedance $z$.
Solution
$\begin{aligned} z_{1}&=9+16 i \text { ohm } \\\\ z_{2}&=20-10 i \text { ohm } \\\\ \therefore\quad z_{1}+z_{2}&=29+6 i \text { ohm } \\\\ z_{1} \cdot z_{2}& =340+230 i \text { ohm } \\\\ \dfrac{1}{z}&=\dfrac{1}{z_{1}}+\dfrac{1}{z_{2}} \\\\ &=\dfrac{z_{1}+z_{2}}{z_{1} z_{2}}\\\\ z &=\dfrac{z_{1} z_{2}}{z_{1}+z_{2}} \\\\ &=\dfrac{340+230 i}{29+6 i} \times \dfrac{29-6 i}{29-6 i} \\\\ &=\dfrac{11240+4630 i}{877} \\\\ &=\dfrac{11240}{877}+\dfrac{4630}{877} i \text { ohm } \end{aligned}$


Exercises
  1. Find the modulus and argument of each of the following complex numbers in the complex plane below.

  2. Plot the following complex numbers in single complex plane and find the the modulus and argument of each complex number
    1. $z_{1}=3+i $
    2. $z_{2}=-4+2 i $
    3. $z_{3}=-5-4 i $
    4. $z_{4}=5-i$
    5. $z_{5}=1 $
    6. $z_{6}=-3 i$
    7. $z_{7}=2 i $
    8. $z_{8}=-4$
  3. Solve the equations:
    1. $x^{2}+9=0$
    2. $9 x^{2}+25=0$
    3. $x^{2}+2 x+2=0$
    4. $x^{2}+x+1=0$
    5. $2 x^{2}+3 x+2=0$
  4. Find the quadratic equation which has roots $2 \pm \sqrt{3} i$
  5. Find the value of the real number $y$ such that $(3+2 i)(1+i y)$ is (a) real (b) imaginary.
  6. Simplify
    1. $\dfrac{1+i}{1-i}-(1+2 i)(2+2 i)+\dfrac{3-i}{1+i}$
    2. $2 i(i-1)+(\overline{\sqrt{3}+i})^{3}+(1+i) \overline{(1+i)}$
  7. Find $a \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $z=-i$ is a root for the polynomial $P(z)=z^{3}-z^{2}+z+1+a .$ Hence find the factors of $P(z)$ in $\mathbb{R}$ and in $\mathbb{C}$.
  8. Solve each of the following equations for the complex number $z$.
    1. $4+5 i=z-(1-i)$
    2. $(1+2 i) z=2+5 i$
    3. $z(2+i)=3-2 i$
    4. $(z+i)(1-i)=2+3 i$
    5. $\dfrac{1}{z}+\dfrac{1}{2-i}=\dfrac{3}{1+i}$
แ€…ာแ€–แ€်แ€žူ၏ แ€กแ€™ြแ€„်แ€€ို แ€œေးแ€…ားแ€…ွာแ€…ောแ€„့်แ€™ျှော်แ€œျแ€€်!

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