Principle of Mathematical Induction

Mathematical Induction α€€ို domino effect α€–ြင့် တင်α€…ားα€–ော်ပြα€œေ့α€›ှိα€žα€Š်။ထောα€€်ပါ ပုံα€€ိုα€œေ့α€œာα€€ြα€Š့်ပါ။



ပထမ domino α€œဲα€™α€€ျα€œျှင် ၎င်းα€”ောα€€်α€™ှ α€…ီထားα€žော domino α€™ျားα€œဲα€€ျα€™α€Š်α€™α€Ÿုတ်ပါ။ ပထမ domino α€œဲα€€ျα€žα€Š်။ ထို့α€”ောα€€် α€…ီထားα€žော domino ထဲα€™ှ α€€ြိုα€€်α€›ာတစ်ခုα€œဲα€€ျα€žα€Š်α€Ÿု α€šူဆပြီး၊ ၎င်းα€”ောα€€်α€›ှိ ကပ်α€œျα€€်α€›ှိ‌α€žော domino α€œဲα€€ျα€€ြောင်း α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€”ိုင်α€œျှင် α€™α€Š်α€žα€Š့် domino မဆို α€œဲα€€ျα€žα€Š်α€Ÿု α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€”ိုင်ပါα€žα€Š်။ α€€α€žα€Š်α€™ှာ Mathematical Induction ဆိုင်α€›ာ α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€™ှုတွင် α€‘α€žုံးပြုα€žော α€‘α€šူထဆဖြα€…်α€žα€Š်။

Mathematical Induction α€žα€Š် ထပေါင်းα€€ိα€”်းပြα€Š့် ဆိုင်α€›ာ ထဆိုα€™ျား α€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်ချα€€်α€™ျားα€€ို α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€›ာတွင် α€™ျားα€…ွာ α€‘α€žုံးဝင်α€žα€Š်။

Mathematical Induction α€€ို α€‘α€žုံးပြု၍ α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€›ာတွင် ထဓိα€€ ထဆင့်α€”ှα€…်ဆင့်α€–ြင့် α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€›α€™α€Š်။

  • Step (1) - ပေးထားα€žော ထဆိုပြုချα€€်တစ်ခုထတွα€€် ပထမဆုံးထကြိα€™် [α€šျေα€˜ုα€šျထားα€–ြင့် (n=1)] ထတွα€€် α€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€€ြောင်း α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€›α€™α€Š်။
  • Step (2) - ထိုထဆိုα€žα€Š် ထခြား α€™α€Š့်α€žα€Š့် $k$ ထကြိα€™်ထတွα€€်မဆို α€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€žα€Š်α€Ÿု α€žα€်α€™ှတ်α€œိုα€€်ပြီး ၎င်းα€”ောα€€်α€›ှိ ကပ်α€œျα€€်α€›ှိ‌α€žော $k+1$ ထကြိα€™်ထတွα€€် α€™ှα€”်α€€ြောင်း α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€”ိုင်α€œျှင် ပေးထားα€žော ထဆိုα€žα€Š် ထမြဲα€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€žα€Š်။

Principle of Mathematical Induction

Mathematical Induction is a mathematical technique which is used to prove a statement, a formula or a theorem is true for every natural number. The technique involves two steps to prove a statement, as stated below −

Step 1 (Base step) − It proves that a statement is true for the initial value.

Step 2 (Inductive step) − It proves that if the statement is true for the $k^{\text{th}}$ iteration (or number $k$), then it is also true for $(k+1)^{\text{th}}$ iteration ( or number $k+1$).


Terminology of Statements
  • Definition: an explanation of the mathematical meaning of a word.
  • α€…α€€ားα€œုံးတစ်α€œုံး၏ α€žα€„်္ချာဆိုင်α€›ာ ထဓိပ္ပာα€š်α€–ွင့်ဆိုချα€€်α€€ို Definition α€Ÿုခေါ်α€žα€Š်။

  • Axiom: a basic assumption about a mathematical situation (model) which requires no proof.
  • α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€›α€”်α€™α€œိုထပ်α€žော α€žα€„်္ချာဆိုင်α€›ာ α€šူဆချα€€်α€€ို Axiom α€Ÿုခေါ်α€žα€Š်။

  • Theorem: a very important true statement that is provable in terms of definitions and axioms.
  • Definition , Axiom တို့α€€ို α€‘α€žုံးပြု၍ ထမြဲα€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€€ြောင်း α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€”ိုင်α€žော ထရေးပါα€žα€Š့် α€žα€„်္ချာဆိုင်α€›ာ ထဆိုပြုချα€€် α€–ြα€…်α€žα€Š်။

  • Proposition: a statement of fact that is true and interesting in a given context.
  • ပေးထားα€žော ထကြောင်းထရာα€žα€Š် ထမြဲα€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€žα€Š်α€Ÿု ဆိုα€”ိုင်α€žော α€žα€„်္ချာဆိုင်α€›ာ ထဆိုပြုချα€€် α€–ြα€…်α€žα€Š်။

  • Lemma: a true statement used in proving other true statements.
  • ထခြားထဆိုပြုချα€€်တစ်ခု α€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€€ြောင်း α€žα€€်α€žေပြα€›α€”် α€€ိုးα€€ားα€‘α€žုံးပြုα€žα€Š့် ထမြဲα€™ှα€”်α€žော ထကြောင်းထရာ α€–ြα€…်α€žα€Š်။

  • Corollary: a true statement that is a simple deduction from a theorem or proposition.
  • Theorem α€”ှင့် Proporsition တို့α€™ှ ဆင်းα€žα€€်α€œာα€žα€Š့် ဆင့်ပွားα€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်ချα€€် α€–ြα€…်α€žα€Š်။

  • Proof: the explanation of why a statement is true.
  • ထကြောင်းထရာတစ်ခု α€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€€ြောင်း α€›ှင်းပြချα€€်α€€ို α€žα€€်α€žေပြချα€€်α€Ÿု ခေါ်α€žα€Š်။

  • Conjecture: a statement believed to be true, but for which we have no proof.
  • α€žα€€်α€žေပြခြင်း α€™α€›ှိပဲ α€™ှα€”်α€€α€”်α€žα€Š်α€Ÿု α€šုံα€€ြα€Š်ထားα€žော ထဆိုတစ်ခုα€€ို Conjecture α€Ÿုခေါ်α€žα€Š်။


Evaluation Steps (Steps of Proof)
  • Step 1: Let $P(n)$ be a result or statement formulated in terms of $n$ (given question).

  • Step 2: Prove that $P(1)$ or $P(\text{initial value})$ is true.

  • Step 3: Assume that $P(k)$ is true.

  • Step 4: Using Step 3 , prove that $P(k+1)$ is true.

  • Step 5: Thus $P(1)$ is true and $P(k+1)$ is true whenever $P(k)$ is true.

  • Conclusion: Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all natural numbers $n$.


Example (1) Use mathematical induction to prove that $1 + 3 + 5 + \ldots + (2n - 1) = n^2$ is true for every positive integer $n$.

Solution

Let $P(n) : 1 + 3 + 5 + \ldots + (2n - 1) = n^2$.

When $n=1$,

LHS $= 1$

RHS $= 1^2 = 1$

$\therefore\ P(1)$ is true.

Assume that $P(k)$ is true for $n=k$.

$\therefore\ P(k) : 1 + 3 + 5 + \ldots + (2k - 1) = k^2 $

When $n=k+1$,

$ \quad 1 + 3 + 5 + \ldots + (2k - 1)+ \left[2(k+1) - 1\right] $

$ = k^2 + (2k + 2 - 1) $

$ = k^2 + 2k + 1 $

$ = (k+1)^2 $

$\therefore\ P(k + 1 )$ is true.

Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all natural numbers $n$.

Example (2) Use mathematical induction to prove that $1 + 2 + 3 + \ldots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}$ is true for every $n\in\mathbb{N}$.

Solution

Let $P(n) : 1 + 2 + 3 + \ldots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}$

When $n=1$,

LHS $= 1$

RHS $= \dfrac{1(1+1)}{2} = 1$

$\therefore\ P(1)$ is true.

Assume that $P(k)$ is true for $n=k$.

$\therefore\ P(k) : 1 + 2 + 3 + \ldots + k = \dfrac{k(k+1)}{2}$

When $n=k+1$,

$\quad 1 + 2 + 3 + \ldots + k+ (k+1) $

$ = \dfrac{k(k+1)}{2} + (k+1) $

$ = \dfrac{k^2+3k+2}{2} $

$ = \dfrac{k^2+2k+1+ k + 1}{2} $

$ = \dfrac{(k+1)^2+(k + 1)}{2} $

$ = \dfrac{(k + 1) \left[(k+1) + 1\right]}{2} $

$ \therefore\ P(k + 1 )$ is true.

Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all positive integers $n$.

Example (3) Prove that for any positive integer number $n$ , $n^3 + 2 n$ is divisible by $3$ by using mathematical induction.

Solution

Let $P(n) :n^3 + 2 n$ is divisible by $3$

When $n=1$,

$1^3+2(1) = 3$

Since $3$ is divisible by $3$, $P(1)$ is true.

When $n=k,\ P(k) :k^3 + 2 k$ is divisible by $3$.

Assume that $P(k)$ is true.

Let $k^3 + 2 k = 3p$ where $p$ is a positive integer.

When $n=k+1$,

$\quad (k + 1)^3 + 2 (k + 1) $

$ = k^3+3k^2+3k+1+2k+2 $

$ = (k^3+2k)+3k^2+3k+3$

$ = 3p+3(k^2+k+1)$

$ = 3(p+k^2+k+1)$

Since $p$ and $k$ are positive integers, $3(p+k^2+k+1)$ is an integer which is a multiple of $3$.

Therefore, $3(p+k^2+k+1)$ is divisible by $3$.

$\therefore\ P(k + 1 )$ is true.

Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all positive integers $n$.

Example (4) Prove that $n ! > 2 n$ where n is a positive integer and $n\ge 4$.

Solution

Let $P(n) :n ! > 2 n$

When $n=4$,

$4! = 4\times3\times2\times1=24$

$2(4) = 8$

$\therefore\ 24 > 8\Rightarrow 4!>2(4)$ $\therefore\ P(4)$ is true.

Assume that $P(k)$ is true for $n=k$ where $k>4$.

$\therefore\ P(k) :k! > 2k$.

When $n=k+1$,

$(k+1)!= (k+1)k! $

Since $k>4,\ k!> 2$.

$ \therefore\ (k+1)k! > 2(k+1) $

$ \therefore\ (k+1)! > 2(k+1) $

$\therefore\ P(k + 1 )$ is true.

Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all positive integers $n$.

Example (5) For every positive integer $n$, prove that $7^n – 3^n$ is divisible by $4$.

Solution

Let $P(n) :7^n – 3^n$ is divisible by $4$.

When $n=1$,

$7^1 – 3^1=7-3 = 4$

Since $4$ is divisible by $4$, $P(1)$ is true.

When $n=k,\ P(k) :7^k – 3^k$ is divisible by $4$.

Assume that $P(k)$ is true.

Let $7^k – 3^k = 4p$ where $p$ is a positive integer. When $n=k+1$,

$\quad 7^{k+1} – 3^{k+1} $

$ = 7\times7^k – 3\times3^k $

$ = 7\times7^k -(7\times3^k) +(7\times3^k) – (3\times3^k) $

$ = 7(7^k -3^k) +3^k(7 – 3) $

$ = 7(4p) +4\times3^k$

$ = 4 (7p +3^k)$

Since $p$ and $k$ are positive integers, $4 (7p +3^k)$ is an integer which is a multiple of $7$.

Therefore, $4 (7p +3^k)$ is divisible by $7$.

$\therefore\ P(k + 1 )$ is true.

Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all positive integers $n$.

Example (6) Using mathematical induction, show that $9^{n}-8 n-1$ where $n \in\mathbb{N}$ is divisible by $64$.

Solution

Let $P(n) :9^{n}-8 n-1$ where $n \in\mathbb{N}$ is divisible by $64$.

When $n=1$,

$9^{1}-8 (1)-1 = 0$

Since $0$ is divisible by $64$, $P(1)$ is true.

When $n=k,\ P(k) :9^{k}-8 k-1$ is divisible by $64$.

Assume that $P(k)$ is true.

Let $9^{k}-8 k-1 = 64p$ where $p$ is a positive integer.

When $n=k+1$,

$\quad 9^{k+1}-8 (k+1)-1$

$ = 9\times 9^{k}-8k-9 $

$ = 9\times 9^{k}-(9\times 8k)+ (9\times 8k) -8k-9 $

$ = 9\times 9^{k}-(9\times 8k)-9 + (9\times 8k) -8k$

$ = 9(9^{k}-8k-1) + 64k$

$ = 9(64p) + 64k$

$ = 64 (9p +k)$

Since $p$ and $k$ are positive integers, $64 (9p +k)$ is an integer which is a multiple of $64$.

Therefore, $64 (9p +k)$ is divisible by $64$.

$\therefore\ P(k + 1 )$ is true.

Hence, by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, $P(n)$ is true for all positive integers $n$.

Exercises Prove the following by using the principle of mathematical induction for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$:

  1. $1+3+3^{2}+\ldots+3^{n-1}=\dfrac{\left(3^{n}-1\right)}{2}$.

  2. $1^{3}+2^{3}+3^{3}+\ldots+n^{3}=\left(\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right)^{2}$.

  3. $1+\dfrac{1}{(1+2)}+\dfrac{1}{(1+2+3)}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{(1+2+3+\ldots n)}=\dfrac{2n}{n+1}$

  4. $1\cdot2 \cdot3+2\cdot3 \cdot4+\ldots+n(n+1)(n+2)=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{4}$.

  5. $1\cdot3+2\cdot3^{2}+3\cdot3^{3}+\ldots+n \cdot3^{n}=\dfrac{(2 n-1) 3^{n+1}+3}{4}$.

  6. $1\cdot2+2\cdot3+3\cdot4+\ldots+n \cdot(n+1)=\left[\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3}\right]$.

  7. $1\cdot3+3\cdot5+5\cdot7+\ldots+(2 n-1)(2 n+1)=\dfrac{n\left(4 n^{2}+6 n-1\right)}{3}$.

  8. $1\cdot2+2\cdot2^{2}+3\cdot2^{3}+\ldots+n \cdot 2^{n}=(n-1) 2^{n+1}+2$.

  9. $\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{8}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{2^{n}}=1-\dfrac{1}{2^{n}}$.

  10. $\dfrac{1}{2\cdot5}+\dfrac{1}{5\cdot8}+\dfrac{1}{8\cdot11}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{(3 n-1)(3 n+2)}=\dfrac{n}{(6 n+4)}$

  11. $\dfrac{1}{1\cdot2 \cdot3}+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot3 \cdot4}+\dfrac{1}{3\cdot4 \cdot5}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{n(n+1)(n+2)}=\dfrac{n(n+3)}{4(n+1)(n+2)}$.

  12. $a+a r+a r^{2}+\ldots+a r^{n-1}=\dfrac{a\left(r^{n}-1\right)}{r-1}$.

  13. $\left(1+\dfrac{3}{1}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{5}{4}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{7}{9}\right) \ldots\left(1+\dfrac{(2 n+1)}{n^{2}}\right)=(n+1)^{2}$.

  14. $\left(1+\dfrac{1}{1}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{1}{3}\right) \ldots\left(1+\dfrac{1}{n}\right)=(n+1)$.

  15. $1^{2}+3^{2}+5^{2}+\ldots+(2 n-1)^{2}=\dfrac{n(2 n-1)(2 n+1)}{3}$.

  16. $\dfrac{1}{1\cdot4}+\dfrac{1}{4\cdot7}+\dfrac{1}{7\cdot10}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{(3 n-2)(3 n+1)}=\dfrac{n}{(3 n+1)}$.

  17. $\dfrac{1}{3\cdot5}+\dfrac{1}{5\cdot7}+\dfrac{1}{7\cdot9}+\ldots+\dfrac{1}{(2 n+1)(2 n+3)}=\dfrac{n}{3(2 n+3)}$.

  18. $1+2+3+\ldots+n<\dfrac{1}{8}(2 n+1)^{2}$.

  19. $n(n+1)(n+5)$ is a multiple of $3$ .

  20. $10^{2 n-1}+1$ is divisible by $11$ .

  21. $x^{2 n}-y^{2 n}$ is divisible by $x+y$.

  22. $3^{2 n+2}-8 n-9$ is divisible by $8$ .

  23. $41^{n}-14^{n}$ is a multiple of $27$ .

  24. $(2 n+7)< (n+3)^{2}$.

α€…ာဖတ်α€žူ၏ ထမြင်α€€ို α€œေးα€…ားα€…ွာα€…ောင့်α€™ျှော်α€œျα€€်!

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