Definition
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction.
- αα်αှα်αားαော α‘αှα်αα ်αုαှ α‘αွာα‘αေးα‘αိုα်းα‘αာαှα့်
- αα်αှα်αားαော α¦းαα်αာ αα ်αုαှ αောα့်ααာα α‘αိုα်းα‘αာ
α αα့်α‘αိုα်းα‘αာ αှα ်αုαြα့် α‘αှα်αα ်αု၏ αα်αေαာαို αော်αြαော α αα ်α‘ား polar coordinate system αုαေါ်αα်။
α€αေαာαွα် Rectangular coordinate system (Cartesian Coordinate System) αွα် αိαှိαဲ့αြီးαြα ်αα့် α‘αှα်αα ်αု၏ αα်αေαာαα်αှα်αုံαို αြα်αα်αွေးαွေးαါαα်။ Cartesian Coordinate System αွα် α‘αှα်αα ်αု၏ αα်αေαာαို ordered pair $(x,y)$ αြα့်αေါ်αြαြောα်း αိαှိαဲ့αြီးαြα ်αα်။ $x$ αိုαα်αှာ origin αှ $x$ αα်αိုးααျှောα် α‘αွားα‘αေးαြα ်αြီး $x$-coordinate αု αα်αှα်αα်။ $y$ αိုαα်αှာ origin αှ $y$ αα်αိုးααျှောα် α‘αွားα‘αေးαြα ်αြီး $y$-coordinate αု αα်αှα်αα်။
Polar coordinate system αွα် α‘αိုαါα‘αှα် P ၏ αα်αေαာαို origin (pole) αှ αျα်းαြောα့်α‘αွားα‘αေး ($r$ αုαα်αှα်αα်)αှα့် positive $x$-axis αှ αာαီαα်αံαြောα်းαြα် α‘αိုα်း(anticlockwise direction)αိုα်းαာαော αောα့်ααာα ($\theta$) αြα့် αော်αြαα်။ αို့αြောα့် Polar coordinate system αွα် α‘αှα်αα ်αု၏ αα်αေαာαို $P(r, \theta)$ αု αα်αှα်αα်။ Polar coordinate system αွα် origin (pole) reference point αုαေါ်αြီး $\theta$ αို reference angle αုαေါ်αα်။ reference angle αို radian αြα့်αာ αော်αြααα်။
Polar coordinate system αွα် $r$ αα် postive number αာ αြα ်ααα်αု αα်αှα်αိုα်αα်။ αို့αော် α‘αုα်αα်αိုး $r$ α‘αွα်αα်း αေαာ αα်αှα်αိုα်αα်။ α‘ောα်αါ α₯ααာ αုံαျားαို αေ့αာαြα့်αါ။
αောα့်ααာα αြောα်းαဲαြα်းααှိαဲ $r$ ၏ αα္ααာαာ αြောα်းαဲαျှα် α‘αှα်၏αα်αေαာαα် pole αှ αူαα‘αှα်၏ α‘αွာα‘αေးα‘αိုα်း αα့်αျα်αα် α¦းαα်αာαွα် αှိαα်αု αှα်αူααα်။
αောα့်αα်αိုးαα်αα်း α‘αုα်ααα်းαြα
်αိုα်αα်။ αောα့်αα်းαိုး α‘αုα်ααα်း αြα
်αါα αα်αှα်ααာαα‘αိုα်း αာαီαα်αံα‘αိုα်း αှα့်αြα်း (clockwise direction) αြα
်αα်။ αူαီαော α‘αွာα‘αေး $(r)$ αα
်αုα‘αွα် α‘αုα်αောα့်αှα့် α‘αေါα်းαောα့်αို αိုα်α
ားαြုαော α‘αှα်αို့၏ αα်αေαာαို α‘ောα်αါα‘αိုα်း αိαှိααα်။
αို့αြောα့် $r$ αှα့် $\theta$ αို့၏ αα္ααာαိုαူαα်၍ α‘αှα်αျား၏ αα်αေαာαို α‘ောα်αါα‘αိုα်း αှα်αူαိုα်αါαα်။
Coterminal Angles
Coterminal angles are angles which when drawn at standard position (so their initial sides are on the positive x-axis) share the same terminal side.
initial side αူ၍ terminal side αα
်αုαα်းαို αျှαေαုံးαွဲαေαြαော αောα့်αျားαို coterminal angle αုαေါ်αα်။
αော်αြαါαုံαွα် αောα့်αα်αိုးαျား ααူαီαော်αα်း terminal side αα ်αုαα်းαာ αြα ်αေαောαြောα့် $\displaystyle\frac{\pi}{4}$၊ $-\displaystyle\frac{7\pi}{4}$ αှα့် $\displaystyle\frac{9\pi}{4}$ αို့αα် coterminal angle αျားαြα ်αြαα်။
coterminal angle αျားαα် αα်αေαာ αα
်αုαα်းαို αα်αွှα်းαα့်α‘αွα် polar coordinate system αွα် α‘αှα်αα
်αု၏ αα်αေαာαို αုံα
ံα‘αျိုးαျိုးαြα့် αော်αြαိုα်αα်။
αို့αြောα့် $(3,\displaystyle\frac{\pi}{4})$, $(3,-\displaystyle\frac{7\pi}{4})$, $(3,\displaystyle\frac{9\pi}{4})$ αို့αα် α‘αှα်αα
်αုαα်းαိုαာ αိုα်α
ားαြုαα်။ α‘ောα်αာ်αြαါαုံαို αα်αα်αေ့αာαြα့်αါ။
αူαα‘αှα် $(r, \theta)$ αို αα
်αα်αြα့် $(360^{\circ} =2\pi\ \text{radians})$ α‘ောα် αှα့်αိုα်αျှα် αူααေαာαα် αြα်αောα်αေαေαα်။ αို့αြောα့် $(r, \theta)= (r, \theta + 2\pi)$ αု αိုαိုα်αα်။ α‘αားαူαα် αှα
်αα်၊ αုံးαα် α
ααြα့် αှα့်αိုα်αျှα်αα်း αူααေαာαα် αြα်αောα်αα် αြα
်αα်။ αို့αို့αှα့်αာαွα် anticlockwise, clockwise αα်αα့် direction αြα့် αှα့်αα်αြα
်α
ေ αောα်αှိαα့် αေαာαှာ α‘αူαူαα် αြα
်αα်။
| $\therefore (r, \theta)=(r, \theta\pm 2\pi)=(r, \theta\pm 4\pi)=...=(r, \theta\pm 2n\pi)$ where n is any integer. |
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αို့αြα် $(-r, \theta)$ αို $\pi$ radian αှα့်αိုα်αျှα် $(r, \theta)$ αေαာαို့ αောα်αှိαα်။ αα ်αα်αွဲ $3\pi$ radian αှα့်αိုα်αျှα်αα်း $(r, \theta)$ αေαာαို့ αောα်αှိαα်αြα့်αα်။ α‘αားαူ αှα ်αα်αွဲ၊ αုံးαα်αွဲ α ααြα့် αှα့်αိုα်αျှα်αα်း αိုαေαာαို့αα် αောα်αှိαα်။ α‘αα်αွα် αော်αြαဲ့αα့်αα်းαူ anticlockwise, clockwise αα်αα့် direction αြα့် αှα့်αα်αြα ်α ေ αောα်αှိαα့် αေαာαှာ α‘αူαူαα် αြα ်αα်။
| $\therefore (r, \theta)=(-r, \theta\pm \pi)=(r, \theta\pm 3\pi)=...=(r, \theta\pm (2n+1)\pi)$ where n is any integer. |
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Relation between Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
Rectangular coordinate αှα့် polar coordinate αို့၏ α‘αြα်α‘αှα် αα်αွα်αျα်αျားαို αα်αα် αေ့αာαြα့်αါαα်။
Polar to Rectangular
Polar coordinate $(r, \theta)$ αေးαားαျှα် rectangular coordinate $(x,y)$ αို့ α‘ောα်αါα‘αိုα်း αြောα်းαဲαိုα်αα်။
Ractangular coordinate $(x,y)$ αေးαားαျှα် polar coordinate $(r, \theta)$ αို့ α‘ောα်αါα‘αိုα်း αြောα်းαဲαိုα်αα်။
Example (1)
Plot the point $P$ with polar coordinates $\left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}\right)$, and find other polar coordinates $(r, \theta)$ of this same point for which:
(a) $r>0, \quad 2 \pi \leq \theta <4 \pi$
(b) $r<0, \quad 0 \leq \theta <2\pi$
(c) $r>0, \quad-2 \pi \leq \theta<0$
Solution
Given Point: $\left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}\right)$
$\therefore \left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}\right)= \left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}+2\pi\right) =\left(3, \displaystyle\frac{13\pi}{6}\right)$
$\therefore \left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}\right)= \left(-3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}+\pi\right) =\left(-3, \displaystyle\frac{7\pi}{6}\right)$
$\therefore \left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}\right)= \left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{6}-2\pi\right) =\left(3, -\displaystyle\frac{11\pi}{6}\right)$
If $(r,\theta)=\left(4,\displaystyle\frac{7 \pi}{6}\right)$ are polar coordinates of a point $P$, find the rectangular coordinates of $P$.
Solution$\begin{array}{l} \text{Given Point:}\ (r,\theta )=\left( {4,\displaystyle\frac{{7\pi }}{6}} \right)\\\\ \therefore r=4,\theta =\displaystyle\frac{{7\pi }}{6}\\\\\ \ x=r\cos \theta \\\\ \ \ \ \ \ =4\cos \displaystyle\frac{{7\pi }}{6}\ \\\\ \ \ \ \ \ =4\left( {-\displaystyle\frac{{\sqrt{3}}}{2}} \right)\\\\ \ \ \ \ =-2\sqrt{3}\\\\ \ \ y=r\sin \theta \\\\ \ \ \ \ \ =4\sin \displaystyle\frac{{7\pi }}{6}\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ =4\left( {-\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}} \right)\\\\ \ \ \ \ =-2 \end{array}$
The coordinates of the point $P$ in rectangular coordinate system is $\left( {-2\sqrt{3},-2} \right)$.
Example (3)
Change the rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates with $r>0$ and $0 \leq \theta \leq 2 \pi$
(a) $(2,2)$
(b) $(-3,3\sqrt{3})$
Solution
$ \begin{array}{l}\left( \text{a} \right)\ \ (2,2)\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=\sqrt{{{{x}^{2}}+{{y}^{2}}}}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=\sqrt{{{{2}^{2}}+{{2}^{2}}}}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=2\sqrt{2}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}\displaystyle\frac{y}{x}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}\displaystyle\frac{2}{2}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}(1)\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta =\displaystyle\frac{\pi }{4}\\\\\therefore \ \ \ (2,2)=(2\sqrt{2},\displaystyle\frac{\pi }{4})\\\\\left( \text{b} \right)\ \ (-3,3\sqrt{3})\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=\sqrt{{{{x}^{2}}+{{y}^{2}}}}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=\sqrt{{{{{(-3)}}^{2}}+{{{(3\sqrt{3})}}^{2}}}}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=\sqrt{{36}}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ r=6\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}\displaystyle\frac{y}{x}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}\displaystyle\frac{{3\sqrt{3}}}{{-3}}\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta ={{\tan }^{{-1}}}(-\sqrt{3})\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \theta =\displaystyle\frac{{5\pi }}{3}\ \\\\\therefore \ \ \ (-3,3\sqrt{3})=(6,\displaystyle\frac{{5\pi }}{3})\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \end{array}$
Exercise
- Which polar coordinates represent the same point as $(3, \pi / 3) ?$
(a) $\left(3,\displaystyle\frac{7 \pi}{3}\right)$
(b) $\left(3,-\displaystyle\frac{\pi}{3}\right)$
(c) $\left(-3,\displaystyle\frac{4 \pi}{3}\right)$
(d) $\left(3,-\displaystyle\frac{2 \pi}{3}\right)$
(e) $\left(-3,-\displaystyle\frac{2 \pi}{3}\right)$
(f) $\left(-3,-\displaystyle\frac{\pi}{3}\right)$ - Which polar coordinates represent the same point as $(4,-\pi / 2) ?$
(a) $\left(4,\displaystyle\frac{5 \pi}{2}\right)$
(b) $\left(4,\displaystyle\frac{7 \pi}{2}\right)$
(c) $\left(-4,-\displaystyle\frac{ \pi}{2}\right)$
(d) $\left(4,-\displaystyle\frac{5 \pi}{2}\right)$
(e) $\left(-4,-\displaystyle\frac{3 \pi}{2}\right)$
(f) $\left(-4, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{2}\right)$ - Change the polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.
(a) $\left(3, \displaystyle\frac{\pi}{4}\right)$
(b) $\left(-1,\displaystyle\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)$
(c) $\left(5,\displaystyle\frac{5\pi}{6}\right)$
(d) $\left(-6,\displaystyle\frac{7\pi}{3}\right)$
(e) $\left(8,-\displaystyle\frac{2\pi}{3}\right)$
(f) $\left(-3,\displaystyle\frac{5\pi}{3}\right)$
(g) $\left(4,-\displaystyle\frac{\pi}{4}\right)$
(h) $\left(-2,\displaystyle\frac{7\pi}{6}\right)$ - Change the rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates with $r>0$ and $0 \leq \theta \leq 2 \pi$
(a) $(-1,1)$
(b) $(-2 \sqrt{3},-2)$
(c) $(3 \sqrt{3}, 3)$
(d) $(2,-2)$
(e) $(7,-7 \sqrt{3})$
(f) $(5,5)$
(g) $(-2 \sqrt{2},-2 \sqrt{2})$
(h) $(-4,4 \sqrt{3})$














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